<sect1 id="ai-precession">
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<author><firstname>Jason</firstname> <surname>Harris</surname> </author>
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<title>Precession</title>
<indexterm><primary>Precession</primary>
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<para><firstterm>Precession</firstterm> is the gradual change in the direction of the Earth's spin axis. The spin axis traces a cone, completing a full circuit in 26,000 years. If you have ever spun a top or a dreidel, the <quote>wobbling</quote> rotation of the top as it spins is precession. </para><para>Because the direction of the Earth's spin axis changes, so does the location of the <link linkend="ai-cpoles">Celestial Poles</link>. </para><para>The reason for the Earth's precession is complicated. The Earth is not a perfect sphere, it is a bit flattened, meaning the <link linkend="ai-greatcircle">Great Circle</link> of the equator is longer than a <quote>meridonal</quote> great circle that passes through the poles. Also, the Moon and Sun lie outside the Earth's Equatorial plane. As a result, the gravitational pull of the Moon and Sun on the oblate Earth induces a slight <emphasis>torque</emphasis> in addition to a linear force. This torque on the spinning body of the Earth leads to the precessional motion. </para>
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<para>Exercise:</para>
<para>Precession is easiest to see by observing the <link linkend="ai-cpoles">Celestial Pole</link>. To find the pole, first switch to Equatorial Coordinates in the <guilabel>Configure &kstars;</guilabel> window, and then hold down the <keycap>Up arrow</keycap> key until the display stops scrolling. The declination displayed in the centre of the <guilabel>Info Panel</guilabel> should be +90 degrees, and the bright star Polaris should be nearly at the centre of the screen. Try slewing with the left and right arrow keys. Notice that the sky appears to rotate around the Pole. </para><para>We will now demonstrate Precession by changing the Date to a very remote year, and observing that the location of the Celestial Pole is no longer near Polaris. Open the <guilabel>Set Time</guilabel> window (<keycombo action="simul">&Ctrl;<keycap>S</keycap></keycombo>), and set the date to the year 8000 (currently, &kstars; cannot handle dates much more remote than this, but this date is sufficient for our purposes). Notice that the sky display is now centred at a point between the constellations Cygnus and Cepheus. Verify that this is actually the pole by slewing left and right: the sky rotates about this point; in the year 8000, the North celestial pole will no longer be near Polaris. </para>
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