All languages have verbs. Latin verbs are divided into four categories, called conjugations. These conjugations are divisions of verbs that, generally, use the same stem formation and have the same endings.
The stem of a verb is the basic part of the verb that does not change. For example, the stem of moneo is mone. To get the stem of the verb, take the first person singular of the verb, and take off the -o ending. The verb “sum” (I am) is totally irregular, and does not have a consistent stem.
Table 8.2. Verb listings - Indicative Active
TENSE | 1st | 2nd | 3rd | 4th | SUM - I |
PRESENT | am-o | mone-o | reg-o | audi-o | sum |
ama-s | mone-s | regi-s | audi-s | es | |
I love, am loving | ama-t | mone-t | regi-t | audi-t | est |
ama-mus | mone-mus | regi-mus | audi-mus | sumus | |
ama-tis | mone-tis | regi-tis | audi-tis | estis | |
ama-nt | mone-nt | regu-nt | audi-unt | sunt | |
FUTURE | ama-bo | mone-bo | reg-am | audi-am | ero |
ama-bis | mone-bis | reg-es | audi-es | eris | |
I will love | ama-bit | mone-bit | reg-et | audi-et | erit |
ama-bimus | mone-bimus | reg-emus | audi-emus | erimus | |
ama-bitis | mone-bitis | reg-etis | audi-etis | eritis | |
ama-bunt | mone-bunt | reg-ent | audi-ent | erunt | |
IMPERFECT | ama-bam | mone-bam | rege-bam | audi-bam | eram |
ama-bas | mone-bas | rege-bas | audi-bas | eras | |
I was loving | ama-bat | mone-bat | rege-bat | audi-bat | erat |
I used to love | ama-bamus | mone-bamus | rege-bamus | audi-bamus | eramus |
I began to love | ama-batis | mone-batis | rege-batis | audi-batis | eratis |
ama-bant | mone-bant | rege-bant | audi-bant | erant | |
PERFECT | amav-i | monu-i | rex-i | audiv-i | fu-i |
amav-isti | monu-isti | rex-isti | audiv-isti | fu-isti | |
I have loved | amav-it | monu-it | rex-it | audiv-it | fu-it |
amav-imus | monu-imus | rex-imus | audiv-imus | fu-imus | |
amav-istis | monu-istis | rex-istis | audiv-istis | fu-istis | |
amav-erunt | monu-erunt | rex-erunt | audiv-erunt | fu-erunt | |
FUTURE PERFECT | amav-ero | monu-ero | rex-ero | audiv-ero | fu-ero |
amav-eris | monu-eris | rex-eris | audiv-eris | fu-eris | |
I will have loved | amav-erit | monu-erit | rex-erit | audiv-erit | fu-erit |
amav-erimus | monu-erimus | rex-erimus | audiv-erimus | fu-erimus | |
amav-eritis | monu-eritis | rex-eritis | audiv-eritis | fu-eritis | |
amav-erint | monu-erint | rex-erint | audiv-erint | fu-erint | |
PLUPERFECT | amav-eram | monu-eram | rex-eram | audiv-eram | fu-eram |
amav-eras | monu-eras | rex-eras | audiv-eras | fu-eras | |
I had loved | amav-erat | monu-erat | rex-erat | audiv-erat | fu-erat |
amav-eramus | monu-eramus | rex-eramus | audiv-eramus | fu-eramus | |
amav-eratis | monu-eratis | rex-eratis | audiv-eratis | fu-eratis | |
amav-erant | monu-erant | rex-erant | audiv-erant | fu-erant |
Table 8.3. Verb listings - Subjunctive Active
TENSE | 1st | 2nd | 3rd | 4th | SUM - I |
PRESENT | ame-m | monea-m | rega-m | audi-o | sim |
ame-s | monea-s | rega-s | audi-s | sis | |
ame-t | monea-t | rega-t | audi-t | sit | |
ame-mus | monea-mus | rega-mus | audi-mus | simus | |
ame-tis | monea-tis | rega-tis | audi-tis | sitis | |
ame-nt | monea-nt | rega-nt | audi-unt | sint | |
IMPERFECT | ama-rem | mone-rem | rege-rem | audi-rem | essem |
ama-res | mone-res | rege-res | audi-res | esset | |
ama-ret | mone-ret | rege-ret | audi-ret | esset | |
ama-remus | mone-remus | rege-remus | audi-remus | essemus | |
ama-retis | mone-retis | rege-retis | audi-retis | essetis | |
ama-rent | mone-rent | rege-rent | audi-rent | essent | |
PERFECT | amav-erim | monu-erim | rex-erim | audiv-erim | fu-erim |
amav-eris | monu-eris | rex-eris | audiv-eris | fu-eris | |
amav-erit | monu-erit | rex-erit | audiv-erit | fu-erit | |
amav-erimus | monu-erimus | rex-erimus | audiv-erimus | fu-erimus | |
amav-eritis | monu-eritis | rex-eritis | audiv-eritis | fu-eritis | |
amav-erint | monu-erint | rex-erint | audiv-erint | fu-erint | |
PLUPERFECT | amav-issem | monu-issem | rex-issem | audiv-issem | fu-issem |
amav-isses | monu-isses | rex-isses | audiv-isses | fu-isses | |
amav-isset | monu-isset | rex-isset | audiv-isset | fu-isset | |
amav-issemus | monu-issemus | rex-issemus | audiv-issemus | fu-issemus | |
amav-issetis | monu-issetis | rex-issetis | audiv-issetis | fu-issetis | |
amav-issent | monu-issent | rex-issent | audiv-issent | fu-issent |
Table 8.4. Verb listings - Imperative Active
TENSE | 1st | 2nd | 3rd | 4th | SUM - I |
PRESENT | am-a | mon-e | reg-e | aud-i | es |
am-ate | mon-ete | reg-ite | aud-ite | este | |
FUTURE | am-ato | mon-eto | reg-ito | aud-ito | esto |
am-ato | mon-eto | reg-ito | aud-ito | esto | |
am-atote | mon-etote | reg-itote | aud-itote | estote | |
am-anto | mon-ento | reg-unto | aud-iunto | sunto |
Table 8.5. Verb listings - Gerund Active
1st | 2nd | 3rd | 4th | |
Accusative | (ad) am-andum | (ad) mon-endum | (ad) reg-endum | (ad) aud-iendum |
Genitive | am-andi | mon-endi | reg-endi | aud-iendi |
Dative | am-ando | mon-endo | reg-endo | aud-iendo |
Ablative | am-ando | mon-endo | reg-endo | aud-iendo |
Table 8.6. Verb listings - Infinitive Active
TENSE | 1st | 2nd | 3rd | 4th | SUM - I |
PRESENT | am-are | mon-ere | reg-ere | aud-ire | esse |
PERFECT | amav-isse | monu-isse | rex-isse | audiv-isse | fu-isse |
Table 8.7. Verb listings - Participle Active
TENSE | 1st | 2nd | 3rd | 4th | SUM - I |
PRESENT | am-ans,-antis | mon-ens,-entis | reg-ens,-entis | aud-iens,-ientis | |
FUTURE | amat-urus,-a,-um | monit-urus,-a,-um | rect-urus,-a,-um | audit-urus,-a,-um | futurus,-a,-um |
Table 8.8. Verb listings - Indicative Passive
TENSE | 1st | 2nd | 3rd | 4th | |
PRESENT | am-or | mone-or | reg-or | audi-or | |
ama-ris | mone-ris | reg-eris | audi-eris | ||
I am loved | ama-tur | mone-tur | regi-tur | audi-tur | |
ama-mur | mone-mur | regi-mur | audi-mur | ||
ama-mini | mone-mini | regi-mini | audi-mini | ||
ama-ntur | mone-ntur | regu-ntur | audiu-unt | ||
FUTURE | ama-bor | mone-bor | reg-ar | audi-ar | |
ama-beris | mone-beris | reg-eris | audi-eris | ||
I will be loved | ama-bitur | mone-bitur | reg-etur | audi-etur | |
ama-bimur | mone-bimur | reg-emur | audi-emur | ||
ama-bimini | mone-bimini | reg-emini | audi-emini | ||
ama-buntur | mone-buntur | reg-entur | audi-entur | ||
IMPERFECT | ama-bar | mone-bar | rege-bar | audie-bar | |
ama-baris | mone-baris | rege-baris | audie-baris | ||
I was loved | ama-batur | mone-batur | rege-batur | audie-batur | |
ama-bamur | mone-bamur | rege-bamur | audie-bamur | ||
ama-bamini | mone-bamini | rege-bamini | audie-bamini | ||
ama-bantur | mone-bantur | rege-bantur | audie-bantur | ||
PERFECT | amatus sum | monitus sum | rectus sum | auditus sum | |
amatus es | monitus es | rectus es | auditus es | ||
I have been loved | amatus est | monitus est | rectus est | auditus est | |
amati sumus | moniti sumus | recti sumus | auditi sumus | ||
amati estis | moniti estis | recti estis | auditi estis | ||
amati sunt | moniti sunt | recti sunt | auditi sunt | ||
FUTURE PERFECT | amatus ero | monitus ero | rectus ero | auditus ero | |
amatus eris | monitus eris | rectus eris | auditus eris | ||
I will have been loved | amatus erit | monitus erit | rectus erit | auditus erit | |
amati erimus | moniti erimus | recti erimus | auditi erimus | ||
amati eritis | moniti eritis | recti eritis | auditi eritis | ||
amati erunt | moniti erunt | recti erunt | auditi erunt | ||
PLUPERFECT | amatus eram | monitus eram | rectus eram | auditus eram | |
amatus eras | monitus eras | rectus eras | auditus eras | ||
I had been loved | amatus erat | monitus erat | rectus erat | auditus erat | |
amati eramus | moniti eramus | recti eramus | auditi eramus | ||
amati eratis | moniti eratis | recti eratis | auditi eratis | ||
amati erant | moniti erant | recti erant | auditi erant |
Table 8.9. Verb listings - Gerundive Passive
1st | 2nd | 3rd | 4th |
am-andus,-a,-um | mon-endus,-a,-um | reg-endus,-a,-um | aud-iendus,-a,-um |
Table 8.10. Verb listings - Infinitive Passive
TENSE | 1st | 2nd | 3rd | 4th |
PRESENT | am-ari | mon-eri | reg-i | aud-iri |
PERFECT | amat-um,-am,-um esse | monit-um,-am,-um esse | rect-um,-am,-um esse | audit-um,-am,-um esse |
amat-os,-as,-a esse | monit-os,-as,-a esse | rect-os,-as,-a esse | audit-os,-as,-a esse | |
FUTURE | amat-um iri | monit-um iri | rect-um iri | audit-um iri |
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